A Guide to College Research Paper Example Apa

A Guide to College Research Paper Example Apa The Pain of College Research Paper Example Apa You might begin with an overall idea for a thesis, but when you've written about it for some time, you are going to observe that new difficulties or questions come up, which means you want to continually return to revise and re-think what you began with, Boyd explained. If you select something outside your range of interest, you can wind up nodding off and have difficulty finishing the job, which isn't a very good impression to make at college. You provide references at the close of the work to permit others to discover the information that you used. Such a practice can cause accusations of plagiarism. The results of a purchases paper on the internet can demonstrate the importance of relying on experts for such guidance. Now, you're able to personally observe the types of services put for sale and decide on the ideal writer. The explanations for why internet use has grown over the pas t twenty decades. Other folks prefer the usage of staples. The New Fuss About College Research Paper Example Apa For example, you will have to recognize the 10 page research paper example MLA subheadings, correct style. A research paper outline template is an easy tool to establish and to utilize. Include a page header at the peak of every page. Includes instructional text to aid you in easily creating your report. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About College Research Paper Example Apa There is an assortment of requirements to distinct kinds of academic assignments. After the work by means of your thesis statement is completed, begin to consider your essay organization. There you may learn to construct the structure and its elements. Statement of the issue. What Everybody Dislikes About College Research Paper Example Apa and Why It is essential that you read the assignment carefully. Even when you have necessary data, it can be pretty tricky to present it in a prope r systematic manner in line with the rules of formalization. While thesis statements are occasionally broken into multiple sentences, it's best if you are able to express your thesis in one sentence placed at the conclusion of the introductory paragraph. Based on your data and the subject of your assignment, you should make an outline. Research Paper preparation means handling a whole lot of information. Research papers are crucial for a student who would like to pursue increased degree of study. It is not a task for one day. An individual should realize that every Research Paper is a sophisticated writing because it must contain distinctive research and distinctive idea. Facts, Fiction and College Research Paper Example Apa In reality, the key purpose of revolution in technology is to aid in improving our quality of life on the job, home, and anywhere else. 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Technology has developed greatly in last few decades and has come to be a significant part our lives. When you submit your paper, make sure to keep a safe copy. Just like when employing a drafting paper template, you also need to make sure that your research paper is straightforward, detailed, and informational. A research paper is quite a significant kind of academic writing. It contains a study that usually starts with the creation of a research paper outline. However long your paper must be or how little time you've got to complete it, there are a few general tips which will help you finish a first-rate research paper. As stated earlier here are a few sample outlines for research papers. It is crucial to start out with search of dependable informative sources when you are able to. If you need a customized research essay proposal that have been written mainly for you from our essay writing services is quite easy. 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Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde (2386 words) Essay Example For Students

Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde (2386 words) Essay Dr. Jekyll And Mr. HydeChapter 1 The story begins with a description of Mr. Utterson, a lawyer inLondon. Mr. Utterson is a reserved, conservative man who does not reveal histrue, vibrant personality. He tolerates the strangeness and faults of other. Early in his life, he watched as his brother fell to ruin, and it is noted thathe is often the last respectable person that men who are turning to evil or ruinhave to talk to. This foreshadows Uttersons involvement with upcoming evil. Mr. Utterson is friends with Richard Enfield, although the two are totally differentfrom one another. They always took walks with each other on Sundays no matterwhat else they might have to do. As they walk down a lane on Sunday that wouldusually be crowded with merchants and children during the week, Enfield pointsout an old building without many windows, and only a basement door. Enfieldtells a story of how, one night at about 3:00 am, he saw a strange, deformed manround the corner and bump into a young girl. The strange man did not stop butsimply walked right over the young girl, who cried out in terror. Enfield rushedover and attended the girl along with her family. Still, the strange man carriedon, so Enfield chased him down and urged him back. A doctor was called andEnfield and the doctor felt an odd hatred of the man, warning the man that theywould discredit him in every way possible unless he compensated the girl. Thestrange man agreed to offer 100 British pounds. Enfield notes t hat the man islike Satan in the way he seems emotionally cold to the situation. The strangeman presented a cheque signed by an important person, which they together cashedthe next morning. Enfield states that he refers to the building as Black MailHouse. Utterson asks Enfield if he ever asked who lived in the building, butEnfield explains that he doesnt ask questions about strange things: themore it looks like Queer Street, the less I ask. The building appearslived in, and the two men carry on their walk. Enfield continues that thestrange man he saw that night looked deformed, though he could explain how. Utterson assures Enfield that his story has caught his interest. The two agreenever to talk about the story again. Chapter 2 The same evening, Utterson camehome. Instead of reading until sleep at midnight, he poured over the will of hisfriend Henry Jekyll, a doctor and very educated man. The will stated thatJekylls possessions and position should be handed over to Mr. Hyde, a friendthat Utterson had never heard nor met. Utterson went to the house of Dr. Lanyon,an old school and college friend of Uttersons and Jekylls, and asked him aboutHyde, but Lanyon had never heard of him. Lanyon uses several evil referenceswhen talking about Jekyll, such as devilish, and gonewrong, foreboding evil relations between Jekyll and Hyde. Utterson knowssomething is wrong between the two. Utterson cant sleep for the rest of thenight. Utterson considers how the strange man Enfield spoke of could trample achild and care nothing for it. Utterson staked out the door of the strangebuilding looking for the st range man, whom he also believed was Mr. Hyde. Onenight, he found him. He confronts him as he is about to go inside the strangedoor, and finds the strange man is indeed Mr. Hyde. Hyde is unpleasant, cool,defiant, and confident. Utterson convinces Hyde to show his face, and Hydesuggests Utterson should know his address, implying that he knows of Jekyllswill. Utterson refers to Hyde to himself as troglodytic, meaning aprimitive human being, detestable and unpleasant. Utterson decides to try andvisit Jekyll at the late hour. At Jekylls home, he learns from the servantsthat Hyde never east dinner at Jekylls house, but is always there in thelaboratory, with his own key. The servants rarely see him, but they have ordersto obey him. Utterson leaves, and reflects upon his own life, what evil deeds hemay be guilty of, and what bad things his friend Jekyll may have done in hislife. He decides that this Hyde must be gravely evil, far worse than anythingJekyll may have ever done. Utterson decid es to try and discover what evil thingsHyde has done and may be doing, but fears that his friend Jekyll will object. Tofinish, Utterson again considers the strange will of Jekyll, specifically thatit he disappears for longer than three months, that his estate should be turnedover to Hyde. Utterson fears that Hyde might kill Jekyll for the will. Chapter 3Dr. Jekyll has a dinner party and Utterson attends. Utterson is a well liked andrespected man, by Jekyll as well as anyone. Utterson stays behind after theparty, and talks with Jekyll about the will. Jekyll tries at first to politelyand jovially avoid the topic towards his scientific rivalry with Dr. Lanyon, butUtterson insists. Utterson explains that he thinks the will is a bad idea, andJekyll wishes to stop talking about it. Jekyll states that he is in a uniquesituation that cant be fixed through talking, but Utterson promises that he canbe trusted to help in confidence. Jekyll insists that he is in control, that hecan be rid of Mr . Hyde at his own discretion. He begs Utterson to leave thematter alone. He explains that he has great interest in Hyde, and that Uttersonfollow his will and secure Jekylls estate for Hyde if Jekyll passes away. The tattoo industry EssayThey post two other servants near the door to prevent Jekyll/Hyde from escapingshould he get past Utterson and Poole. Utterson and Poole consider that theyface some danger in doing this. While they wait for the other servants to getinto position, they sit in the old surgery theatre, where Poole describes howJekyll/Hyde paces back and forth across the floor and sometimes cries out. Afterthe servants are ready, Utterson warns Jekyll that he is coming in, and thevoice begs him not to. They burst in and find Hyde twitching and dying on thefloor. They look around and find various articles, but no sign of Jekylls body. They find chemicals, a book, a cheval-glass, and a strange drug. They search thehouse, and still do not find the body. Utterson finds Jekylls latest will andlearns that it leaves his estate to Utterson, not Hyde. Utterson finds thisstrange because Hyde was in the room and cold have destroyed this will in favorof the one that names him the recipient of the will. Utterson finds a notewritten in Jekylls handwriting, and is afraid to read it. In it Jekyll saysthat he has disappeared, that Utterson should read the letter Lanyon sent, andalso Jekylls own confession which is included with this note. Utterson returnsto his office where he will read the two important documents. Chapter 9 Lanyons Narrative On January 9th, Lanyon receives a letter from Jekyll. Ittells Lanyon that this is a matter of life and death. Lanyon is to go toJekylls house, and The door of my cabinet is then to be forced; and youare to go in alone; to open the glazed press (letter E) on the left hand,breaking the lock if it be shut; and to draw out, with all its contents as thestand, the fourth drawer from the top or (which is the same thing) the thirdfrom the bottom. This is to get Jekylls drug. Then, Lanyon is to returnto his own homes consulting room, and wait for a visitor at midnight fromJekyll. Lanyon does this and finds the drug that Jekyll must have made becauseit is not as neatly done as a chemist would do. He returns to his home and waitsfor the visitor, keeping a gun with him (revolver) should he need to defendhimself. At midnight, Hyde shows up, and is very excited to get the drug, almostcrazy, but he stays calm enough. Once Lanyon gives it to him, a scary smilecomes over Hydes face. He tells Lanyon that Lanyon was a fool, and that hewould now see proof of transcendental medicine. He drinks the drugand changes into Jekyll in a terrifying way that haunts Lanyon for the rest ofhis few days until he dies. Lanyon ends his letter by saying that he cannot tellwhat Jekyll told him because it i s too terrible, other than that Jekyll and Hydeare the same person.

The Genius Of Shakespeare Essays - British Poetry,

The Genius Of Shakespeare Past, Present, and Future: Finding Life Through Nature William Wordsworth poem ?Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey? was included as the last item in his Lyrical Ballads. The general meaning of the poem relates to his having lost the inspiration nature provided him in childhood. Nature seems to have made Wordsworth human.The significance of the abbey is Wordsworth's love of nature. Tintern Abbey representes a safe haven for Wordsworth that perhaps symbolizes a everlasting connection that man will share with it's surroundings. Wordsworth would also remember it for bringing out the part of him that makes him a ?A worshipper of Nature? (Line 153). Five different situations are suggested in Lines each divided into separate sections. The first section details the landscape around the abbey, as Wordsworth remembers it from five years ago. The second section describes the five-year lapse between visits to the abbey, during which he has thought often of his experience there. The t hird section specifies Wordsworth's attempt to use nature to see inside his inner self. The fourth section shows Wordsworth exerting his efforts from the preceding stanza to the landscape, discovering and remembering the refined state of mind the abbey provided him with. In the final section, Wordsworth searches for a means by which he can carry the experiences with him and maintain himself and his love for nature. . Diamantis 2 In the first stanza, Wordsworth lets you know he is seeing the abbey for a second time by using phrases such as again I hear, again do I behold, and again I see. He describes the natural landscape as unchanged and he describes it in descending order of importance beginning with with the ?lofty cliffs? (Line 5) dominantly overlooking the abbey. After the cliffs comes the river, , then the forests, and hedgerows of the cottages that once surrounded the abbey but have since been abandoned. After the cottages, is the vagrant hermit who sits alone in his cave, pe rhaps symbolizing the effects being away from the abbey has had on Wordsworth. Wordsworth professes to sensations sweet / Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart (lines 28-29) which the memories of nature can inspire when he is lonely, just as the hermit is lonely. Wordsworth desires nature only because of his separateness, and the more isolated he feels the more he desires it. This is described in ?Lines? : As that blessed mood, In which the burthen of the mystery, In which the heavy and the weary weight Of all this unintelligible world Is lightened:- that serene and blessed mood, In which the affections gently lead us on, Until, the breath of this corporeal frame And even the motion of our human blood Almost suspended, we are laid asleep In body, and become a living soul. (Lines38-47) In the second stanza, Wordsworth parallels his experience upon returning to Tintern Abbey five years later to his previous visit. He has changed from thinking of the present to the past. He descr ibes using the abbey as a consolation whenever he felt overrun by the dismal, uniform, urban landscapes he had become accustomed to. However, after his first visit he began to forget the details of the abbey and what it meant to him: as gleams of half-extinguished thought, with many recollections dim and faint, and somewhat of a sad perplexity (Line 57-60) Diamantis 3 In the third stanza, Wordsworth begins a transition back to the present moment. He enjoys the pleasure of this time and also anticipates that he will enjoy it again in future memories. In the fourth stanza, however, he starts to recapitulate his life as a series of stages in the development of a relationship with nature. At first he roamed as freely as an animal, but as he grew he felt joy and rapture and passionate involvement with his own youth. Now he is involved with human concerns. He has become more thoughtful and sees nature in the light of those thoughts. He still loves nature, but in a more mature and more emo tionally subdued way. Can he salvage the meaning of the abbey and take it with him as an inspiration? In the second

African American Inventors - Patent Holders Index P

African American Inventors - Patent Holders Index P Black history inventors are listed alphabetically: use the A to Z index bar to navigate and select or just browse the many listings. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent. How to submit to the database. O Pace to Pickett, Pinn to Purvis Q Harold Pace #5712899, 1/27/1998, Mobile location reporting apparatus and methods Lionel F Page #2,170,032, 8/22/1939, Auxiliary circulating device for automobile heaters Alice H Parker #1,325,905, 12/23/1919, Heating furnace John Percial Parker #304,552, 9/2/1884, Follower-screw for tobacco presses#318,285, 5/19/1885, Portable screw-press James A Parsons Jr. #1,728,360, 9/17/1929, Iron alloy#1,819,479, 8/13/1931, Method of making silicon iron compounds#1,972,103, 9/4/1934, Process for treating silicon alloy castings#2,200,208, 5/7/1940, Corrosion-resisting ferrous alloy Moses Payne #394,388, 12/11/1888, Horseshoe Robert A Pelham #807,685, 12/19/1905, Pasting device#NA, 1913, Tallying machine John Perry Jr. #3,284,239, 11/8/1966, Biochemical fuel cell (co-inventor Herbert F Hunger) Frank R Perryman #468,038, 2/2/1892, Caterers tray table Charles A Peterson #3,391,903, 7/9/1968, Power generating apparatus Henry Peterson #402,189, 2/30/1889, Attachment for lawn mowers William Henry Phelps #579,242, 3/23/1897, Apparatus for washing vehicles Anthony Phills #5,136,787, 10/3/1991, Ruler template for computer keyboard John F Pickering #643,975, 2/20/1900, Air ship Henry Pickett #152,511, 7/30/1874, Improvement in scaffolds O Pace to Pickett, Pinn to Purvis, Q Traverse B Pinn #231,355, 8/17/1880, File holder William D Polite #1,218,458, 3/6/1917, Gun Austin J Polk #558,103, 4/14/1896, Bicycle support Jessie T Pope #2,409,791, 10/22/1946, Croquignole iron James Hall Porter #3,534,528, 10/20/1970, Gas well sulfur removal by diffusion through polymeric membranes Alfred G B Prather #3,715,011, 2/6/1973, Gravity escape means Frank Rodger Prince #3,637,743, 1/25/1972, Production of 2-pyrrolidones Abraham Pugsley #433,306, 7/29/1890, Blind stop#433,819, 8/5/1890, Shutter worker Samuel Pugsley #357,787, 2/15/1887, Gate latch John E Purdy #405,117, 6/11/1889, Folding chair, (co-inventor Daniel A. Sadgwar) #570,337, 10/27/1896, Device for sharpening edged tools#609,367, 8/16/1898, Device for sharpening edged tools#630,106, 8/1/1899, Device for sharpening edged tools William H Purdy #D 24,228, 4/23/1895, Spoon design (co-inventor Leonard C. Peters) Willam B Purvis #256,856, 4/25/1882, Fastener for bag#273,149, 2/27/1883, Hand stamp#293,353, 2/12/1884, Paper bag machine#419,065, 1/7/1890, Fountain pen#420,099, 1/28/1890, Paper bag machine#519,291, 5/1/1894, Electric railway#539,542, 5/21/1895, Magnetic car balancing device#588,176, 8/17/1897, Electrical railway system Continue black history database Q

New Look for Women in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

New Look for Women in the UK - Essay Example India is prospering economically and poses a perfect market for New Look as it has a ready market for women’s wear. Technological advancement and cheap availability of labor will enable New Look to enter the market at competitive prices. Also, currently the competition has not entered this market with full force which makes the environment more viable. However, there is cultural diversity which makes the market highly unpredictable and difficult to establish trends. Also, the laws of the country are not powerful enough to control plagiarism of designs. New Look plans to launch in the country within 3 months and growth into 200 outlets within 2 years and at first importing the range and later setting up production facilities in India itself. This can be achieved by employing the highly skilled set of local and foreign designers to cater to the different niches that exist in the market. Also, heavy promotion of 25 % of the total cost would build the lacking brand loyalty. Lastly, marketing should be controlled by monitoring the strategies used by having an in-depth evaluation every 6 months New Look is Britain’s third-largest retailer of women’s fashion. With over 540 stores across the UK, New Look now has about 250 stores in France with complete ownership of MIM, Belgium, Dubai and Kuwait it has revenue of 800 million pounds (2005) and employees 15000 workers1. New Look has a range of women of all ages and sizes, accessories range, a men’s range and a kid’s range. The core products, however, are clothing, lingerie, and shoes. The new look has 1000 factories in 45 countries and it caters to international market keeping the various fashion trends in mind2. The sales volume of New Look is increasing at a decreasing rate as competition in the current market increases. New Look, therefore, seeks to expand in a market with a big demand and where the costs would remain at a minimum to maximize profits.

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Final - Essay Example The word antique has been outlined by the poet to differentiate between those who don’t believe and those who believe (Dickson, 2591). The bible for example has been utilized to alienate the non believers and the believers. The deeply held conviction among the believers is seen not to have any bearings. The believers who are less in numbers are trying to find God by finding out that relationship that existed between him and the people who lived long time ago as presented by the bible. The poet acknowledges that those looking for God’s guidance through the bible posses a relationship that is second hand to the loving and deeply personal God. Many of the boys who don’t believe tend to reject God because they believe that he is impersonal and outdated. She claims that the problem lies with the type of presentation that exists. The use of the word warble is however interesting. Calling song bird images to mind is a subtle nod aimed at bringing out her confidence in connection to the almighty God. She asserts that the people should be used to condemn people but has to lead them toward improving their relationships with the almighty God. She utilizes the poem in educating the youths and young men to seek God through studying the bible. She also advices preachers to avoid condemning the young men through use the bible. She uses the word; it didn’t condemn referring to the bible as the word of God (Dickson, 2591). Emily Dickson is seen to support the pagan and to criticize and make a mockery of God in most of her poems. The antireligious tone in most of her poems has been avoided in literature studies to paint a better picture to the society. The poet has used the bible as a mean of ensuring her message is able to reach the people. The term boys are symbolic and have been used to refer the many the people in the world. Dickson is easily appreciated and

History About Wifi Technology Information Technology Essay

History About Wifi Technology Information Technology Essay ABSTRACT In many of the industrial sectors, the wireless networking technologies are gaining rapid approval because of its cost effectiveness, improved reliability and flexibility. The increase in the wireless networks is one of the technological advances that are having a major impact on the way we do business [10]. This paper refers how Wi-Fi technology is organized and some of its applications and advantages over customary means. It also explores how Wi-Fi technologies communicate in the spread spectrum and also its configurations. The Wi-Fi refers to the 802.11b wireless Ethernet standard that was designed to support the wireless LANs. The essential enabling technology is the Wi-Fi technology and it is the only practicable infrastructure for the home which allows the user to extend their networks for home entertainment. The most popular user access technology is the Wi-Fi (WLAN/IEEE 802.11) because of its high bandwidth and low cost. Keywords: Wireless Fidelity, Wi-Fi, WLAN, wireless technologies, IEEE 802.11a/b/g, spread spectrum, configurations. Introduction In the recent years only, the wireless technology has grown rapidly which allows the users more reliable, effective and can access the internet without using the wire. Wireless networks are more effectively used in many applications such as home entertainment, offices, radio, military areas and public places. The term wireless does not mean the disturbance or group of switches. Wireless means the communication without the use of wires other than the antenna, the Ethernet, and the ground taking the place of wires [2]. For several industrial operations, wireless technology affords cost-effective and effective connectivity solutions. Using the wireless technology there are many benefits such as remote facilities, processes and field operation which results in improving productivity, downtime, faster and more accurate data collection. The term Wi-Fi technology is also referred as Wireless Fidelity. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. (IEEE) is the association liable for setting the standards on how the technology and products works, operate and communicate [3]. The 802.11 technology standards, better known as Wi-Fi technology and it is being set up into the Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) equipment and Local Area Network (LAN) access points to quickly connect computer to LANs and as well as internet service providers. The 802.11 standards are growing to supply a higher data rates and better quality of service. Wireless LANs operates on two frequencies such as radio wave and infrared. In the past decades, the wireless access point has come into the market with infrared but in todays world the radio frequencies are used most popularly. The advantage of the radio wave frequency is more penetrate through the walls, floors and doors but whereas the infrared device is on line of sight. Wi-Fi netwo rk connect computer to each other to the internet and to the wired network. 1.2 History of WLAN A WLAN is a local area network without wires and whereas a wired network in which the clients send/receive the data through the cables. The wireless network uses a radio wave frequency. As part of the large family of the spread spectrum systems, the Wi-Fi technology uses single carrier direct-sequence spread spectrum radio technology and multi-carrier OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) radio technology. In 1985, the unlicensed spread spectrum was first approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [5]. In all major countries, these FCC regulations were later copied with enabling some changes in the use of this technology and these regulations were then enabled the growth of Wi-Fi technology according to requirements such as offices, online games and so on. In 1991, the Wi-Fi technology was invented by NCR corporation/ATT (later Lucent and Agere systems) in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. Initially for the cashier systems, the first wireless product were brought on the market which is marked as WaveLAN with speeds of 1Mbits/s to 2Mbits/s. Vic Hayes, who was the first discoverer of the Wi-Fi and later has been named as Father of Wi-Fi, was involved in designing standards such as 802.11a/b/g. Wireless LANs communicate via the 2.4 GHz or 5GHz band with the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio bands where cordless phones, instant monitor and other personal device can also operate. According to Mr. Phil Belanger of the Wi-Fi Alliance contradict the most popular conclusion that Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity [5]. 1.3 Benefits of WLAN A new way to communicate with the user is through the WLANs while accommodating the way business is done. The following are the benefits achieved through WLANs: Mobility within building. Flexibility Lower cabling costs To set up temporary spaces, it is easier Productivity gains Reduced errors Improved efficiency Improved performance, efficiency and security for enterprise partners and guests Easier to collaborate Easier adds, moves and changes and lower support and maintenance costs More efficient use of office space. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) Technology The IEEE 802.11 standard was projected for the WLANs. To handle the networking the short way for Wi-Fi is the wireless. Wi-Fi is easy to access and it is very simple to connect to computer anywhere in the office or homes without the use of wires. Using the radio signals the computer connects to the network. In 1997, the first standard (802.11) was released and works in the frequency band at 5GHz with the data rate of 54Mbits/s and uses the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation [4]. The Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) is the media access method. The term 802.11.x terms is used to donate the set of amendments to the standard. Within the scope of one building and one room, we can connect to the wireless to the restricted signal range (indoor range is approximately about 1m). skhema Figure 1: Internet connection with wire and without wire (Wi-Fi) At present, the best values of the bit rate have a networks designed accordance with the 802.11n standard that has the typical raw data rate of 540Mbits/s [3]. Wi-Fi network operates in the unlicensed with the 2.4 and 5GHz radio bands, with 11Mbps (802.11b) or 54Mbps (802.11a) data rate or some of the products have dual bands. Wi-Fi network uses radio technologies to transmit and receive the data at high speed. IEEE 802.11 is available in three modes- 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g. IEEE 802.11a/b/g actually describes three different wireless Ethernet standards which are currently implemented in industrial applications as well as commercial applications. These three alternatives are based around the same physical layer of the OSI model and it also defines the bands on what the wireless network is used and also defines the modulation technique. IEEE 802.11 standards include Wi-Fi, W-LAN and Wireless Ethernet. IEEE 802.11a: This standard operation is used in OFDM which operates at a frequency of 5GHz band and thereby allowing the raw transmission data rate up to 54Mbps. It is introduced in 2001. For this band, some of the countries have other uses such as military and air traffic control, so therefore this band is not globally accepted and to be used in the ISM applications. But in some cases, this band can be used inside the building with limited power. In the U.S, the band 5GHz is treated as other 900MHz and 2.4GHz ISM bands. One advantage of the IEEE 802.11a is that it operates with same data rate (54Mbps) as IEEE 802.11g but it escapes sometimes due to crowded with the 2.4GHz channels. Less interference in the 5GHz band appears means the potential for more reliable transmission. The theoretical speed of this standard is 54Mbps but the raw transmission rate of this standard is in between 15-20 Mbps. The range of this standard is 50-75 feet. This is not compatible with 802.11b and it is more expensive . IEEE 802.11b: This standard was implemented in 1999, uses 2.4GHz band with the DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) modulation. The maximum transmission rate of this standard is 11Mbps within 30m range. It is most popular and least expensive. But the actual speed of this standard is 4-6 Mbps. The range of the wireless is 100-150 feet. The subsection of this standard is called Wi-Fi. IEEE 802.11 g: The OFDM technology of 802.11a is adopted in this standard and which is globally accepted with 2.4GHz band. Using the OFDM technique these data rates increased to 54Mbps over the air. It is important that 802.11g is compatible backwards with 802.11b. But this standard is more expensive so prefer to go for the least expensive and better performance which is 802.11b. Components of Wi-Fi: In order to access the Wi-Fi, we require some of the components such as adapters, access point, Wi-Fi antenna, Wi-Fi Bridge, PCI cards that accept wireless PC cards and external USB wireless NICs. The following are the component figures: accecpoint.jpg Figure 2: Access Point Figure 3: Adapters wifi antena.jpg wifi bridge.jpg Figure 4: Wi-Fi Antenna Figure 5: Wi-Fi Bridge Figure 6: PCI cards that accepts wireless PC card Figure 7: External USB wireless NICs How Wi-Fi network works? Wi-Fi network uses the radio waves to communicate each other among devices. The basic concept of the Wi-Fi network is same as the walkie talkies. An access point to the internet connection can be installed through the Wi-Fi hotspot. This access point acts as base station. With this access point, an antenna is physically connected to conventional wired Ethernet network and serves as a bridge to the wireless network. A device encounters the hotspot when the Wi-Fi is enabled and the device can connect to that network wirelessly. Between the client systems, the Wi-Fi can also support communication and allowing the devices to communicate with one another during the peer-to-peer method. A Wi-Fi 802.11b typically can transmit the maximum data rate up to 11Mbps with an approximation range of 150 feet. Beyond that distance, the signal fallback very slow up to 5.5 Mbps, 2Mbps and 1Mbps and this slower speed can move the signals as far as 1500 feet. The actual performance of the network depends upon the signal pattern and the number of obstacles in the area. To indicate the wireless within the area, an access point itself announces through broadcasting, a Service Set Identifier (SSID) approximately 10 times per second. The SSID indicates the name of the network. PCs that are within the range and has equipped with wireless network interface card can receive the SSID, associate with WLAN and request an IP address that will allow them to connect to the local network, surf the internet and view network folders [4]. Wi-Fi Network Topologies Access Point (AP) in the Wi-Fi may vary greatly depending upon their cost but in some of the cases these AP gives selection for roaming where the wireless clients can switch from one AP to another. There are three kinds of network topologies. AP (Access Point)-based topology (Infrastructure Mode) Peer-to-Peer topology (Ad-hoc Mode) Point-to-multipoint bridge topology. AP-Based Topology: Access Point (AP) is the wireless component through which the client can communicate. Access point is the device that contains standard IEEE 802.11 conformant MAC and PHY interface to the wireless medium and provides access to the distribution system for associated stations. Through an AP, BSA-RF (Basic Service access is the area of the radio frequency (RF)) coverage is provided. ESA (Extended Service Access) consists of two or more BSA. In order to allow the roaming, ESA cell consists of 10-15% overlap. The following figure shows the AP-based topology [9]. Figure 8: AP-Based topology Peer-to-Peer Topology: In this topology, the access point is not required. Within the cell, the client devices can communicate directly with one another. This topology is useful in setting up the wireless network very quickly and easily. The following figure shows the peer to peer method. Figure 9: peer-to peer method Point-to-multipoint bridge topology: This type of topology is used in buildings from one to another building apart within the miles. This is required to connect a LAN in one building to a LANs in another building. A clear line of sight is achieved among buildings under these conditions. Based on the type of antenna and wireless bridge used the line-of-sight range varies and as well as in environmental conditions. The following figure shows the point to multipoint bridge topology Figure 10: point-to-multipoint bridge topology Access Point and Wireless Card are the two ways that can use for the networking. Ad-hoc: In this method, the entire wireless cards are used from peer-to-peer network and there is no access point (AP). Infrastructure: All wireless cards connect to the central access point that provides them connectivity with each other as well as wired network [1]. Wi-Fi Configurations A Wi-Fi network is very simple and can be easily set up to the homes and offices that allow the network to share the files, printer and so on. Figure 11: Wireless network set up The public Wi-Fi hot spots are rapidly becoming common in airports, business, hotels, libraries and so on. Wi-Fi Security Security is one of the first disquiet of people deploying a wireless LAN, the 802.11 has addressed the issue through providing what is called WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy). The main concerns of the users are that an intruder would not be able to access the network resources through similar wireless LAN equipment and be able to capture the wireless LAN traffic (eavesdropping). There are two primary components which are required for Wi-Fi network security to be broken down. Authentication Privacy There are two types of authentication is required: first is user authentication and second is server authentication. Authentication means keeping the unauthorized users off from the network. In user authentication server, the username and password is required. This authentication has a risk as well as a solution in sending the data. The risk one is the data is send before the secure channel is established and level to passive eavesdropping by attackers. The solution for this is, before sending the username and password, encrypted channel is established. Secondly in server authentication, the digital certificate is used and within the client software the validation of the digital certificate occurs automatically. Wireless Protected Access (WPA) is a standard based specification, interoperable security enhancement that strongly increase the level of data protection and for existing access control and future wireless LAN systems. Wi-Fi Applications Wi-Fi technology is simple and easy to access the network without the wire. At present, the Wi-Fi is most popular technology that has been used in the market. There are several applications through the Wi-Fi technology. It is used at homes, office, small businesses, large corporations and campuses, health care, wireless ISP (WISP) and travellers. Advantages and Disadvantages of Wi-Fi Advantages of Wi-Fi: It allows the LANs to be set up without cabling and also it reduces the costs and expansion of the network. Wi-Fi network support roaming such that a laptop can move from one access point to another. Wi-Fi is global set of standards. Mobility Ease of installation Reliability and Flexibility Security Use unlicensed part of radio spectrum Disadvantages of Wi-Fi: It can access to limited range. Higher power consumption The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) has been broken even if the correct configuration is set up. Interference Typically, Wi-Fi Access Point is set to default to an open (encryption-free) mode. Conclusion: In the past few years, the Wi-Fi technology is growing very rapidly in the rural development areas. In the rural areas, the technology has been helped the consumers in receiving the high speed internet service. All through urban environment the Wi-Fi hot spots are becoming more popular. When the Wi-Fi technology has brought up to the rural and urban areas the broadband internet access price has been drive down. According to the various industrial applications, the network connectivity for the industrial wireless solution provides that is cost effective and efficient. To ensure the reliability of wireless connectivity and safety of industrial operations, a hazardous area classification is necessary that provides the redundant links radio. Currently, there are several standard-based wireless technologies that are used for the industrial applications for the field sensors networking such as ISA100, WHART and ZigBee. Wi-Fi technology is simple and easy to deploy to the network. The IEEE 802.11 is the standard used for the Wi-Fi hot spots. With appropriate security features, industrial hardware and industrial interface products, Wi-Fi technology has a certain association of commercial technology, based on the 802.11 technology and is becoming a solution for many industrial communications and networking.